By selection by density dependent competitive interactions
This material is reprinted from Journal of Theoretical Biology 225:389-406, Copyright (2003) with permission from Elsevier Science at ScienceDirect . A single copy of the article can be downloaded and printed for the reader's personal research and study.
Witting, L. 2003. Major life-history transitions by deterministic directional natural selection. Journal of Theoretical Biology 225:389-406